plant Kingdom class 11 Summary NCERT

Plant Kingdom class 11 summary chapter 3 

Algae:

Types: Green algae, brown algae, red algae.

Habitat: Aquatic, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms.

Pigments: Chlorophyll a, b, and accessory pigments.

Bryophytes:

Examples: Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Characteristics: Non-vascular, gametophyte-dominant, and small in size.

Pteridophytes:

Examples: Ferns, horsetails.

Characteristics: Vascular plants with well-developed roots, stems, and leaves.

Reproduction: Spore formation.

Gymnosperms:

Examples: Conifers (pine, cedar).

Characteristics: Vascular plants with seeds not enclosed in fruits.

Reproduction: Seed formation in cones.

Angiosperms:

Examples: Flowering plants.

Characteristics: Vascular plants with seeds enclosed in fruits.

Reproduction: Seed formation within flowers.

Plant Life Cycles:

Haplontic: Dominance of haploid phase in algae.

Diplontic: Dominance of diploid phase in most plants.

Haplodiplontic: Alternation of generations in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Alternation of Generations:

Gametophyte: Haploid generation producing gametes.

Sporophyte: Diploid generation producing spores.

Plant Classification:

Thallophytes: Algae without differentiation into true roots, stems, and leaves.

Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants.

Pteridophytes: Vascular plants without seeds.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Vascular plants with seeds.

Economic Importance:

Food: Cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables.

Timber: Wood from trees.

Medicine: Various medicinal plants.

Plant Reproduction:

Asexual: Vegetative propagation.

Sexual: Involves spore formation, seed formation, and pollination